You probably haven’t been driving for very long if you’ve never suspected another driver around you of being drunk. They swerve, leave their blinkers on, drift in their lane, take wide turns, and generally drive like they’re, well, “on something.” That behavior is very easy to spot, but when someone is actually on something other than alcohol, their behavior is very different and may not be as demonstrative.
Currently only 19 states have laws prohibiting any amount of drugs while operating a vehicle, according to the Governors Highway Safety Association. The laws in Washington State for driving under the influence (DUI) are pretty explicit. According to RCW 46.61.502:
(1) A person is guilty of driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any drug if the person drives a vehicle within this state:
(a) And the person has, within two hours after driving, an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or higher as shown by analysis of the person’s breath or blood made under RCW 46.61.506; or
(b) While the person is under the influence of or affected by intoxicating liquor or any drug; or
(c) While the person is under the combined influence of or affected by intoxicating liquor and any drug.
But the problem is identifying the people driving under the influence of specifically drugs. The reason for this is that each drug has a unique effect on the user and thus has a unique effect on the way they drive. Also, some prescription drug users may not even know that it is illegal to drive on the drug on which they are driving because the drug is legal. Yet, so is alcohol.
“Unlike data for drunken driving, data on drugged driving are limited,” says Robert DuPont, former head of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. “There’s still an inadequate appreciation of drugged driving separate from the alcohol problem.”
Types of Drug Tests
Alcohol has many field sobriety tests that police officers can put the driver through to test their intoxication. There was period of time recently in Washington State that breathalyzer tests were not allowed due to the integrity of the state testing lab. But drugs are much harder to detect even during a routine traffic stop. Generally the only way to know if someone is under the influence of any drug other than alcohol is to test them one of three ways.
Blood Test – These types of tests are considered to be the most accurate way of telling if a person is intoxicated. Blood drug tests are not used very often because they need specialized equipment and medically trained administers. These factors make it a more costly testing method.
Hair Follicle Test – “Hair analysis” is a very accurate way to test if someone is on drugs or has taken drugs very recently. Unlike blood tests, it gives a fairly accurate timeline of when the drugs were taken.
Urinalysis – This accurate test shows how much of the substance is in person’s system at any given time. Some law enforcement agencies have begun to use a portable system that give an instantaneous reading, yet the accuracy is still in dispute.
Saliva Test – Much like the urinalysis, this test also has a field version that may not be construed as completely accurate, but enough to gauge whether a driver is under the influence of a foreign substance.
Drug Use and Fatal Crashes
In a 2011 study conducted by the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation in Calverton, Md, co-authors Eduardo Romano and Robert Voas say drivers who die in crashes test positive for drugs 25% of the time. This is a surprising revelation that may potentially have a ripple effect on DUI legislation in Washington State.
Romano, Voas, and their colleagues examined data on more than 44,000 drivers in single-vehicle crashes who died between 1999 and 2009. They found that 24.9% tested positive for drugs and 37% had blood-alcohol levels in excess of 0.08, the legal limit. Fifty-eight percent had no alcohol in their systems; 5% had less than 0.08. The data were from a government database on traffic fatalities.
What’s unique about this study is that it is one of the first to show the prevalence of drug use among fatally injured drivers. Among drivers who tested positive for drugs, 22% were positive for marijuana, 22% for stimulants and 9% for narcotics. The study also examined interaction between alcohol and drugs in fatal crashes. Researchers found no evidence that combining drugs and alcohol produced greater impairment.
“When a driver is drunk, it doesn’t matter what drugs are in their system. The alcohol takes over,” Romano says.
Testing Positive
This is not the first time this issue has come to the forefront. In perhaps the most extensive research to date, the 2007 U.S. National Roadside Survey, researchers from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and two other institutions set out to randomly sample drivers’ sobriety.
With the aid of local law enforcement, researchers and authorities stopped drivers at 300 locations in 48 states during four periods on Friday and Saturday nights. At 60 of the locations, drivers were stopped during a day-time period. Blood samples were obtained from 3,276 drivers and saliva samples from 7,719. The samples were used to detect the presence of 75 different drugs.
For daytime drivers the numbers were lower than at night. Based on saliva tests, 11% of day-time drivers were positive for drug use and 6% tested positive for illegal substances. In contrast, 14.4% of nighttime drivers tested positive for drugs and 10% tested positive for illegal drugs. Not surprisingly, alcohol was found more than any other drug, with marijuana coming in second.
Further, anti-medical marijuana legalization advocates gained some fuel from this study by comparing another similar study conducted in California. By comparing data, it was found that states that have legalized medical marijuana showed slightly higher rates of drivers under the influence of the drug.
In the California study, 819 California drivers supplied saliva samples, which showed 8% of them were positive for marijuana. Most of the people who said they had medical-marijuana permits tested positive. More drivers with permits tested positive for marijuana than drivers without permits.
Seattle DUI Victims Lawyers
The next phase of the National Roadside Survey will look at the extent to which drug use is related to crashes. It is wise to find out the impact of drug use on driving as states adjust their marijuana policies, including Washington State. Though we neither condemn nor condone the use of medical marijuana or any other legal medication, we do not support driving under the influence of that substance.
If you or someone you know have sustained serious personal injuries as a victim of a negligent driving accident then you need experienced counsel to protect your interests with the insurance companies and health care providers. Call the Seattle car accident attorneys at Phillips Webster for a free consultation.
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If you live around the University of Washington you have undoubted stumbled upon the intersection of Northeast 45th and Union Bay Pl. NE. If you have experienced it, it is a five way boat to confusion. With lights facing every direction and dotted lines criss-crossing, at times it seems as if you’re driving through an Escher painting.
Judge Francis deVilla has deemed the cameras illegal because of the provision stated in the Washington State Legislature’s RCW 46.63.170 (b) which clearly states: